rpi image builder with tailscale
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Yan Lin
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231
scripts/image-builder/rpi-tailscale.sh
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231
scripts/image-builder/rpi-tailscale.sh
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set -euo pipefail
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ORIGINAL_DIR="$PWD"
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WORK_DIR="/tmp/rpi-custom-build"
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OUTPUT_DIR="$ORIGINAL_DIR/result"
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IMAGE_URL="https://downloads.raspberrypi.org/raspios_lite_arm64/images/raspios_lite_arm64-2025-11-24/2025-11-24-raspios-trixie-arm64-lite.img.xz"
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usage() {
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cat << EOF
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Usage: $0 <auth_key> <ssh_pubkey_path> [options]
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Build a custom Raspberry Pi OS image with Tailscale pre-configured.
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Required:
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auth_key Tailscale auth key for automatic node registration
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ssh_pubkey_path Path to SSH public key file
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Options:
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--subnet-routes <routes> Advertise subnet routes (comma-separated, e.g., "192.168.1.0/24,10.0.0.0/8")
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--exit-node Advertise as exit node
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--hostname <name> Custom hostname (default: rpi-ts-<random>)
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Generate auth key:
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Go to https://login.tailscale.com/admin/settings/keys
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Create an auth key (reusable recommended for testing)
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Example:
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$0 "tskey-auth-xxxxx" ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
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$0 "tskey-auth-xxxxx" ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub --subnet-routes "192.168.1.0/24" --exit-node
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$0 "tskey-auth-xxxxx" ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub --hostname "my-pi" --exit-node
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EOF
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exit 1
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}
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if [[ $# -lt 2 ]]; then
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echo "Error: At least 2 required arguments"
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usage
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fi
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TS_AUTH_KEY="$1"
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SSH_PUBKEY_PATH="$2"
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shift 2
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SUBNET_ROUTES=""
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EXIT_NODE=""
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HOSTNAME=""
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while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
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case $1 in
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--subnet-routes)
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SUBNET_ROUTES="$2"
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shift 2
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;;
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--exit-node)
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EXIT_NODE="1"
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shift
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;;
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--hostname)
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HOSTNAME="$2"
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shift 2
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;;
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*)
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echo "Error: Unknown option $1"
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usage
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;;
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esac
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done
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if [[ ! -f "$SSH_PUBKEY_PATH" ]]; then
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echo "Error: SSH public key file not found: $SSH_PUBKEY_PATH"
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exit 1
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fi
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SSH_PUBKEY=$(cat "$SSH_PUBKEY_PATH")
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if [[ -z "$HOSTNAME" ]]; then
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HOSTNAME="rpi-ts-$(head -c 4 /dev/urandom | xxd -p)"
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fi
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echo "=== Raspberry Pi Tailscale Image Builder ==="
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echo "Work directory: $WORK_DIR"
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echo "Output directory: $OUTPUT_DIR"
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echo "Hostname: $HOSTNAME"
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echo "Subnet routes: ${SUBNET_ROUTES:-none}"
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echo "Exit node: ${EXIT_NODE:-no}"
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echo "SSH public key: $SSH_PUBKEY_PATH"
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echo
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mkdir -p "$WORK_DIR"
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mkdir -p "$OUTPUT_DIR"
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cd "$WORK_DIR"
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if [[ ! -f raspios.img ]]; then
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echo "Downloading Raspberry Pi OS Lite..."
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curl -L "$IMAGE_URL" -o raspios.img.xz
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echo "Extracting image..."
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xz -d raspios.img.xz
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mv *.img raspios.img 2>/dev/null || true
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fi
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echo "Mounting image..."
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LOOP_DEVICE=$(sudo losetup -f --show -P raspios.img)
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echo "Loop device: $LOOP_DEVICE"
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sudo mkdir -p /mnt/rpi-boot /mnt/rpi-root
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sudo mount "${LOOP_DEVICE}p1" /mnt/rpi-boot
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sudo mount "${LOOP_DEVICE}p2" /mnt/rpi-root
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cleanup() {
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echo "Cleaning up..."
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sudo umount /mnt/rpi-boot 2>/dev/null || true
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sudo umount /mnt/rpi-root 2>/dev/null || true
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sudo losetup -d "$LOOP_DEVICE" 2>/dev/null || true
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sudo rm -rf /mnt/rpi-boot /mnt/rpi-root
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}
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trap cleanup EXIT
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echo "Setting up SSH access..."
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sudo mkdir -p /mnt/rpi-root/root/.ssh
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echo "$SSH_PUBKEY" | sudo tee /mnt/rpi-root/root/.ssh/authorized_keys > /dev/null
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sudo chmod 700 /mnt/rpi-root/root/.ssh
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sudo chmod 600 /mnt/rpi-root/root/.ssh/authorized_keys
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echo "Setting hostname..."
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echo "$HOSTNAME" | sudo tee /mnt/rpi-root/etc/hostname > /dev/null
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sudo sed -i "s/127.0.1.1.*/127.0.1.1\t$HOSTNAME/" /mnt/rpi-root/etc/hosts
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TS_UP_ARGS="--authkey=$TS_AUTH_KEY"
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NEED_IP_FORWARD=""
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if [[ -n "$SUBNET_ROUTES" ]]; then
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TS_UP_ARGS="$TS_UP_ARGS --advertise-routes=$SUBNET_ROUTES"
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NEED_IP_FORWARD="1"
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fi
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if [[ -n "$EXIT_NODE" ]]; then
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TS_UP_ARGS="$TS_UP_ARGS --advertise-exit-node"
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NEED_IP_FORWARD="1"
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fi
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echo "Creating Tailscale installation script..."
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sudo tee /mnt/rpi-root/root/setup-tailscale.sh > /dev/null << SETUP_SCRIPT
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#!/bin/bash
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set -e
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echo "Installing Tailscale..."
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curl -fsSL https://tailscale.com/install.sh | sh
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SETUP_SCRIPT
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if [[ -n "$NEED_IP_FORWARD" ]]; then
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sudo tee -a /mnt/rpi-root/root/setup-tailscale.sh > /dev/null << 'SETUP_SCRIPT'
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echo "Enabling IP forwarding..."
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echo 'net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1' > /etc/sysctl.d/99-tailscale.conf
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echo 'net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding = 1' >> /etc/sysctl.d/99-tailscale.conf
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sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.d/99-tailscale.conf
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SETUP_SCRIPT
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fi
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sudo tee -a /mnt/rpi-root/root/setup-tailscale.sh > /dev/null << SETUP_SCRIPT
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echo "Starting Tailscale..."
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tailscale up $TS_UP_ARGS
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echo "Tailscale setup complete!"
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rm /root/setup-tailscale.sh
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SETUP_SCRIPT
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sudo chmod +x /mnt/rpi-root/root/setup-tailscale.sh
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echo "Creating first-boot service..."
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sudo tee /mnt/rpi-root/etc/systemd/system/tailscale-first-boot.service > /dev/null << 'SERVICE'
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[Unit]
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Description=Setup Tailscale on first boot
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After=network-online.target
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Wants=network-online.target
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[Service]
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Type=oneshot
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ExecStart=/root/setup-tailscale.sh
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RemainAfterExit=yes
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TimeoutStartSec=300
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[Install]
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WantedBy=multi-user.target
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SERVICE
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sudo ln -sf /etc/systemd/system/tailscale-first-boot.service \
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/mnt/rpi-root/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/tailscale-first-boot.service
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echo "Enabling SSH..."
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sudo touch /mnt/rpi-boot/ssh
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echo "Copying image to output directory..."
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mkdir -p "$OUTPUT_DIR"
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OUTPUT_IMAGE="$OUTPUT_DIR/raspios-tailscale-${HOSTNAME}.img"
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cp raspios.img "$OUTPUT_IMAGE"
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echo "Creating configuration summary..."
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cat > "$OUTPUT_DIR/tailscale-config-${HOSTNAME}.txt" << EOF
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Raspberry Pi Tailscale Configuration
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=====================================
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Hostname: $HOSTNAME
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Subnet Routes: ${SUBNET_ROUTES:-none}
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Exit Node: ${EXIT_NODE:-no}
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After first boot, the Pi will:
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1. Install Tailscale
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2. Authenticate using the provided auth key
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3. Appear in your Tailscale admin console
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If advertising subnet routes, approve them in the admin console:
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https://login.tailscale.com/admin/machines
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EOF
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cat "$OUTPUT_DIR/tailscale-config-${HOSTNAME}.txt"
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echo
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echo "===================================="
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echo "Image customization complete!"
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echo "===================================="
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echo "Output image: $OUTPUT_IMAGE"
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echo "Config saved: $OUTPUT_DIR/tailscale-config-${HOSTNAME}.txt"
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echo
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echo "To flash to SD card:"
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echo " sudo dd if=$OUTPUT_IMAGE of=/dev/sdX bs=4M status=progress conv=fsync"
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echo
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